By Kathleen Mitchell-Askar, Pregnancy & Birth and Feeding Editor for The Attached Family
A study published in the April 2010 issue of The Journal of Pediatrics by The Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study suggests that breastfeeding may have a positive effect on children’s and adolescents’ mental health. A paper that appeared in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry listed children’s mental health as one of the six priority areas in need of attention to improve the health and development of children and adolescents across the globe. At a time when 10 to 20% of children worldwide suffer from emotional or behavioral problems, a possible solution as simple as breastfeeding is one that could prove both attainable and powerful.
For more than 50 years, breastfed babies have been shown to hold developmental and cognitive advantages over non-breastfed children. Some studies have even shown that breastfed infants are better able to cope with adverse stimuli with more control, and children who were breastfed as infants exhibited greater resilience against the stress and anxiety associated with parental separation and divorce. These previously published studies are limited, however, by their small, often nonrandom, samples.
The Australian study derives its strength from its large sample size, longitudinal nature, and excellent response fractions. From 1989 to 1992, the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort enrolled 2,900 pregnant women during their second trimesters who went on to deliver at the major obstetric hospital in Perth. Researchers gathered data on both parents’ familial, social, economic, and demographic backgrounds, along with their medical and obstetric histories, and updated the data during the 34th gestational week. The newborns (both singletons and twins) were initially examined by a midwife or pediatrician at two days postpartum, and 2,868 live births were included in the study. These children were followed until age 14.
The study focused on the parent-report Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) as the outcome variable at the five-, eight-, ten-, and 14-year follow-ups. The two-year-old children were evaluated with a similar questionnaire, modified with appropriate sleep questions and other subtle differences relative to the age group. Parents completed the 118-item CBCL, which measures behavioral psychopathology in children according to eight syndrome constructs:
- Withdrawn
- Anxious/depressed
- Somatic complaints
- Social problems
- Attention problems
- Thought problems
- Delinquent behavior
- Aggressive behavior.
Withdrawn; anxious/depressed; and somatic complaints were grouped and scored as “internalizing problems.” Delinquent and aggressive behaviors were treated as “externalizing problems.” The results from the CBCL were converted into age/sex-appropriate scores. The higher the score, the more problematic the child’s mental health.
A little over half of all mothers in the study (52%) breastfed for six months or longer, and 11% never breastfed at all. Nineteen percent of the children were breastfed for less than three months, 19% for three to six months, 28% for six to 12 months, and 24% for 12 months or more. The study investigated the effects of exclusive breastfeeding but found it did not change the conclusions drawn from the data with “any” breastfeeding (breastfeeding with the addition of solid food).
The study’s findings point to a boon for breastfed children: The longer a baby fed at the breast, the lower the child’s score on the CBCL, and the trend continued through adolescence. The differences between breastfed and non-breastfed children were most distinct in the total and externalizing scores. Even after researchers controlled for such confounding factors as maternal age at birth, maternal education, maternal smoking, family structure (whether the biological father lived with the family), life stress events, and maternal postnatal depression — all of which have been linked with higher rates of mental health problems — shorter breastfeeding duration was “consistently associated with increased risks for mental health problems of clinical significance through childhood and into adolescence,” the study concludes.
Despite the promising findings on the effects of breastfeeding on mental health, whether the positive correlation was due to breastmilk itself or the maternal-child bond cultivated at the breast was unclear. It is known that the fatty acids and other bioactive components in breastmilk positively contribute to child development and health. The hormone leptin, also found in breastmilk, may reduce stress in infants through its effects on the hippocampus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland.
Breastfeeding mothers have also been shown to touch their babies and gaze into their eyes more often. Such stimulation has not been linked with better mental health in human studies yet, but the Australian researchers cite a study on rat pups, and those that received a greater amount of maternal contact were better able to cope with stress as adults.
According to the study, “Breastfeeding may also be an indicator of a secure attachment status, which is known to have a positive influence on the child’s psychological development into adulthood.”
Even though breastmilk is the healthiest first food for a child, if a mother cannot or chooses not to breastfeed, it is possible that the attachment between parent and child affects the child’s mental health more profoundly than does the food itself. By practicing Attachment Parenting, holding the baby close while bottle-feeding, and increasing the amount of touch through babywearing, the mother of a non-breastfed baby could give her child mental-health benefits similar to those enjoyed by a breastfed baby. Parents who give proper attention to their children and remain present with them, whether breastfeeding or not, will make their child feel cherished and have a positive effect on his or her self-esteem.
But, as the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study shows, “breastfeeding for a longer duration appears to have significant benefits for the onward mental health of the child into adolescence…Therefore, interventions aimed at increasing breastfeeding duration could be of long-term benefit for child and adolescent mental health.”
Comments
5 responses to “The Link between Breastfeeding and Mental Health”
[…] “The Link Between Breastfeeding and Mental Health” illuminating the research found in Australian studies. http://theattachedfamily.com/membersonly/?p=2774 […]
Hi my friend! I wish to say that this article
is amazing, nice written and include almost all vital infos.
I would like to look more posts like this .
i was not breastfed as a child because my mum was sick and was warned by the doctor not to breastfeed me. i feel it even at over forty that i am psychologically imbalance
[…] “With his small head pillowed against your breast and your milk warming his insides, your baby knows a special closeness to you. He is gaining a firm foundation in an important area of life—he is learning about love”. The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding by La Leche League – 1958 I’ve been breastfeeding my son on demand for 18 months. This means anywhere anytime, day or night. I’m very proud of our achievement as we didn’t have an easy start. There was a lot of sweat, tears, pain, bleeding and burning – from mastitis, difficulty latching, forceful letdown, using a nipple shield to literally feeding on all fours! The pain and the demands were unbearable at times but I kept persisting. I searched for support and didn’t give up. Breastfeeding comes easier for some but is hard for others and impossible for very few. In my experience it was persistence that lead to us finding a way. These moments of emotional and physical connection have played a big role in forming our relationship. It’s where we stop to look into each other’s eyes, where we recognize our undeniable bond and see each other in one another. It’s where he drifts off peacefully to sleep and where I find certainty in my commitment which is not always easy. It’s a sacred moment, where only the two of us exist. “Very simply, with the nipple in the mouth, surrounded by loving arms, lulled by the sound of the mother’s voice and by the gentle attention of her eyes and mind, the baby will have an experience of being loved.” (Inside Lives – chapter 3 Infancy) But…it’s not all honey and roses! It is tiring, boring and annoying. It’s waiting impatiently for him to let go, it’s trying to unlatch for the 10th time unsuccessfully, it’s “let me go so I can watch the bachelor”! It’s spending a lot of time sitting or lying down and having little hands pulling your top down, no matter where you are. There are times when he is not hungry, but he needs to feel secure, to be comforted, to wind down. Especially in moments of developmental leaps and sickness, which can be very hard to withstand. Sometimes I don’t seem to do anything else but sit on the floor and breastfeed! Being available all the time and loosing ownership over your body is confronting. But I know that my mindset will determine the way I see this relationship. If I try to fight it, it will only cause more distress for both of us. So I allowed it to flow, I have trusted my son’s instincts to tell me when he has had enough and embraced the changes that came at his own pace. His relationship with my breasts has already changed. It’s delightful to see his interaction; they have a life of their own. He is more aware, more loving towards them but also more demanding. This can be funny to witness but also irritating. “Nursing an older child isn’t always a garden of delights. Sometimes you may feel pure joy at being able to relate to your child this way. Other times you may wonder if it’s ever going to end. It’s natural to go back and forth in how you feel about nursing your toddler. All mammals seem to have mixed feelings in the later stages of nursing, feeling blissful at many feedings, but annoyed and impatient at others. You’re right on track.” The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding by La Leche League – 1958 Breastfeeding has helped me to realise the need to draw limits. This is a two-way relationship and I’m slowly and respectfully showing him that. It’s a long process, from the moment they start eating, they start weaning. Reaching this point I couldn’t imagine depriving him of the boob without him having a say in it and being involved in the process. It doesn’t seem fair to me. He won’t need to rely on them forever and I’m blessed to be able to share these moments with him. I know my presence is what he needs and the time will come when they will get out of his mouth to go back to where they started… well, not quite! I’d love for people to embrace breastfeeding and everything that comes with it, a child’s connection with the breast goes beyond the need for nutrition. It promotes emotional and mental health way passed childhood years. As the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study shows, “breastfeeding for a longer duration appears to have significant benefits for the onward mental health of the child into adolescence…Therefore, interventions aimed at increasing breastfeeding duration could be of long-term benefit for child and adolescent mental health.” (http://theattachedfamily.com/?p=2774 […]
Honestly, I was not breastfed by my mother…And even now that am in university, it affects my psychological thinking and association with society.